SS-31
SS-31Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide.
Also known as: Elamipretide, MTP-131
Overview
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide studied in cellular-energy and age-related research. It concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (elamipretide) that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin, stabilizing electron transport and reducing reactive oxygen species. Studied in heart failure, mitochondrial disease, and age-related decline.
Binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, helping stabilize cristae structure and supporting efficient electron transport.
Molecular information
D-Arg-2,6-dimethyl-Tyr-Lys-Phe-NH2Marketed in trials as elamipretide; selectively accumulates in mitochondria via cardiolipin binding.
Pharmacokinetics
Illustrative relative-concentration model derived from published pharmacokinetic research. Curve is normalized and provided for educational comparison only — not a dosing schedule.
Research applications
- Mitochondrial-function research
- Cellular-energy and aging studies
- Oxidative-stress investigations
Research protocols
Protocols summarized from published research models. Provided for scientific reference only — not dosing guidance for human use.
Observed effects timeline
Aggregated observations reported across research literature. Timing and magnitude vary by model and are not a guarantee of outcome.
Week 1–4
Mitochondrial-function and energy-metabolism changes reported in study models.
Week 4–12
Cardiac, muscle, and fatigue-related changes reported in clinical research.
Research compatibility
Describes how compounds are studied alongside one another in the literature. Not a recommendation to co-administer.
MOTS-c
Complementary mitochondrial pathways.
NAD+
Complementary cellular-energy support.
Glutathione
Complementary antioxidant/redox pathways.
How to reconstitute
Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water, swirl gently, and refrigerate. Avoid shaking to preserve the peptide.
- 1Allow the vial to reach room temperature (15–20 minutes).
- 2Swab the stopper with alcohol and let it air dry.
- 3Add bacteriostatic water slowly down the vial wall.
- 4Swirl gently until dissolved into a clear solution.
- 5Refrigerate at 2–8 °C and protect from light.
Quality indicators
Uniform white powder
Lyophilized cake should be white to off-white without discoloration.
Clear solution
Reconstitutes to a clear, colorless, particle-free solution.
Cold-chain integrity
Reconstituted solution requires 2–8 °C storage.
Slight clumping
Small clumps that dissolve completely with gentle swirling are acceptable — shipping can cause minor compaction.
Collapsed or melted appearance
Powder that looks collapsed, melted, or stuck to the vial walls may have been exposed to heat in transit.
Cloudy after reconstitution
Persistent cloudiness, particles, or precipitate after gentle mixing can indicate a degraded or contaminated peptide.
Reported observations & safety
Safety signals reported in the research literature. Compiled for scientific awareness — not medical advice.
- Among the most clinically studied entries here, with multiple human mitochondrial-disease and heart-failure trials.
- Injection-site reactions are the most commonly reported signal.
References & further reading
Elamipretide (SS-31) mitochondrial protection (review)
Review of the cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide's mitochondrial-protective effects across cardiac and mitochondrial-disease research.
View studyTopics
This entry is provided for educational and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, a dosing protocol, or a claim of therapeutic benefit. Research compounds are supplied strictly for laboratory and research use — not for human or veterinary consumption.
Approved for one or more clinical indications by a major regulator.
This compound is part of our educational reference and is not currently stocked. Browse the catalogue for available research-grade peptides.
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